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Micron Document

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A `!transverse engine`! is an `F33f`_`[engine`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Engine]`_`f mounted in a vehicle so that the engine's `F33f`_`[crankshaft`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Crankshaft]`_`f axis is `F33f`_`[perpendicular`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Perpendicular]`_`f to the direction of travel. Many modern `F33f`_`[front-wheel drive`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Front-wheel_drive]`_`f vehicles use this arrangement. Most `F33f`_`[rear-wheel drive`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Rear-wheel_drive]`_`f vehicles use a `F33f`_`[longitudinal engine`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Longitudinal_engine]`_`f, where the engine's crankshaft axis is parallel with the direction of travel. (Some `F33f`_`[rear-mid engine`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Mid-engine_design]`_`f vehicles use a transverse engine and `F33f`_`[transaxle`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Transaxle]`_`f mounted in the rear instead of the front). Transverse engines save space in light vehicles, and are used on `F33f`_`[armoured fighting vehicles`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Armoured_fighting_vehicle]`_`f for the same reason.

>>Contents

• `F0af`_`[History`#history]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Postwar use`#postwar-use]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Position placement of transverse engines`#position-placement-of-transverse-engines]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Common types of transversely placed engines`#common-types-of-transversely-placed-engines]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Less common types of transversely-placed engines`#less-common-types-of-transversely-placed-engines]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Alternative convention with twin-cylinder motorcycles`#alternative-convention-with-twin-cylinder-motorcycles]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Notes`#notes]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[References`#references]`_`f

-─

>>History

The `F33f`_`[Critchley light car`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Critchley_Light_car]`_`f, made by the `F33f`_`[Daimler Motor Company`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Daimler_Company]`_`f in 1899, had a transverse engine with `F33f`_`[belt drive`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Belt_drive]`_`f to the rear axle.`:cite-ref-footnotedouglas-scott-montaguburgess-wise199561-1-0[`F5bf`_`[1`#cite-note-footnotedouglas-scott-montaguburgess-wise199561-1]`_`f]`:cite-ref-footnotesmith19729-2-0[`F5bf`_`[2`#cite-note-footnotesmith19729-2]`_`f] The first successful transverse-engine cars were the two-cylinder `F33f`_`[DKW F1`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=DKW_F1]`_`f series of cars, which first appeared in 1931.

During WWII, transverse engines were developed for armored vehicles, with the Soviet `F33f`_`[T-44`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=T-44]`_`f and `F33f`_`[T-54/T-55`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=T-54/T-55]`_`f `F33f`_`[tanks`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Tank]`_`f being equipped with transverse engines to save space within the hull. The T-54/55 eventually became the most produced tank in history.

>>>Postwar use

After the `F33f`_`[Second World War`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Second_World_War]`_`f, `F33f`_`[Saab`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Saab_Automobile]`_`f used the configuration in their first model, the `F33f`_`[Saab 92`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Saab_92]`_`f, in 1947.`:cite-ref-footnoterobson201017-3-0[`F5bf`_`[3`#cite-note-footnoterobson201017-3]`_`f] The arrangement was also used for `F33f`_`[Borgward`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Borgward]`_`f's `F33f`_`[Goliath`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Goliath_(company)]`_`f and `F33f`_`[Hansa`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Hansa_(company)]`_`f brand cars. The `F33f`_`[East German`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=East_Germany]`_`f-built `F33f`_`[Trabant`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Trabant]`_`f, which appeared in 1957, also had a transversely mounted two stroke engine, and this design was kept until the end of production, in 1991. However, it was with `F33f`_`[Alec Issigonis`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Alec_Issigonis]`_`f's `F33f`_`[Mini`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Mini]`_`f, introduced by the `F33f`_`[British Motor Corporation`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=British_Motor_Corporation]`_`f in 1959, that the design gained acclaim. Issigonis incorporated the car's `F33f`_`[transmission`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Transmission_(mechanics)]`_`f into the engine's `F33f`_`[sump`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Wet_sump]`_`f, producing a drivetrain unit narrow enough to install transversely in a car only 4 feet (1.2 m) wide. While previous DKW and Saab cars used small, unrefined `F33f`_`[air-cooled`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Air-cooled_engine]`_`f `F33f`_`[two-stroke`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Two-stroke_engine]`_`f engines with poor performance, the gearbox-in-sump arrangement meant that an 848 cc four-cylinder water-cooled engine could be fitted to the Mini, providing strong performance for a car of its size. Coupled to the much greater amount of interior space afforded by the layout (the entire drivetrain only took up 20% of the car's length), this made the Mini a genuine alternative to the conventional small family car.

This design reached its peak starting with `F33f`_`[Dante Giacosa`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Dante_Giacosa]`_`f's elaboration of it for `F33f`_`[Fiat`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Fiat]`_`f. He connected the engine to its gearbox by a shaft and set the `F33f`_`[differential`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Differential_(mechanical_device)]`_`f off-center so that it could be connected to the gearbox more easily. The `F33f`_`[half shafts`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Half_shaft]`_`f from the differential to the wheels therefore differed in length, which would have made the car's steering asymmetrical were it not for their torsional stiffness being made the same. Giacosa's layout was first used in the `F33f`_`[Autobianchi Primula`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Autobianchi_Primula]`_`f in 1964 and later in the popular `F33f`_`[Fiat 128`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Fiat_128]`_`f. With the gearbox mounted separately to the engine, these cars were by necessity larger than the Mini, but this proved to be no disadvantage. This layout, still in use today, also provided superior refinement, easier repair and was better-suited to adopting five-speed transmissions than the original Issigonis in-sump design.

The `F33f`_`[Lamborghini Miura`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Lamborghini_Miura]`_`f used a transverse mid-mounted `F33f`_`[4.0-litre V12`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Lamborghini_V12]`_`f. This configuration was unheard of in 1965, but became more common in the following decades, with cars such as the `F33f`_`[Lancia Montecarlo`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Lancia_Montecarlo]`_`f, `F33f`_`[Noble M12`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Noble_Automotive_Ltd]`_`f, `F33f`_`[Toyota MR2`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Toyota_MR2]`_`f, `F33f`_`[Pontiac Fiero`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Fiero]`_`f, and `F33f`_`[first-generation Honda NSX`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Honda_NSX_(first_generation)]`_`f using such a powertrain design.

The `F33f`_`[Land Rover LR2 Freelander`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Land_Rover_Freelander]`_`f, along with all Volvo models from 1998 on (including V8 models), employ a transversely-mounted engine in order to increase passenger space inside the vehicle. This has also allowed for improved safety in a frontal impact, due to more longitudinal engine compartment space being created. The result is a larger front `F33f`_`[crumple zone`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Crumple_zone]`_`f.`:cite-ref-4[`F5bf`_`[4`#cite-note-4]`_`f]`:cite-ref-5[`F5bf`_`[5`#cite-note-5]`_`f]

Transverse engines have been widely used in buses. In the United States, they were offered in the early 1930s by `F33f`_`[Twin Coach`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Twin_Coach]`_`f and used with limited success in Dwight Austin's Pickwick Nite-Coach. Transverse bus engines first appeared widely in the `F33f`_`[Yellow Coach`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Yellow_Coach_Manufacturing_Company]`_`f 719, using Dwight Austin's V-drive; they continued in common use until the 1990s, though shorter V-configuration engines in a longitudinal "T-drive" configuration became common in the 1960s. Transverse engines were used in the British `F33f`_`[Leyland Atlantean`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Leyland_Atlantean]`_`f, in many transit buses, and in nearly all modern `F33f`_`[double decker buses`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Double_decker_bus]`_`f. They have been widely used by `F33f`_`[Scania`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Scania_AB]`_`f,`:cite-ref-6[`F5bf`_`[6`#cite-note-6]`_`f] `F33f`_`[MAN`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=MAN_SE]`_`f, `F33f`_`[Volvo`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Volvo_Buses]`_`f and `F33f`_`[Renault`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Renault]`_`f's bus divisions.

>>Position placement of transverse engines

Engines may be placed in two main positions within the motor car:

• Front-engine transversely-mounted / Front-wheel drive

• Rear mid-engine transversely-mounted / Rear-wheel drive

>>Common types of transversely placed engines

Space allowed for engines within the front wheel wells is commonly limited to the following:

• `F33f`_`[Single cylinder`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Single_cylinder_engine]`_`f

• `F33f`_`[Inline-two`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Straight-twin_engine]`_`f

• `F33f`_`[Inline-three`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Straight-three_engine]`_`f

• `F33f`_`[Inline-four`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Straight-four_engine]`_`f

• `F33f`_`[Inline-five`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Straight-five_engine]`_`f

• `F33f`_`[Inline-six`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Straight-six_engine]`_`f (for rear-engined buses)

• `F33f`_`[V4`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=V4_engine]`_`f

• `F33f`_`[V6`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=V6_engine]`_`f

>>Less common types of transversely-placed engines

• `F33f`_`[Inline-six`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Straight-six_engine]`_`f: `F33f`_`[Austin Kimberley, Tasman`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Austin_Kimberley]`_`f; `F33f`_`[Austin 2200, Morris 2200, Wolseley Six)`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=BMC_ADO17]`_`f; `F33f`_`[Austin/Morris 2200 HL, Wolseley Saloon, Princess`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Princess_(car)]`_`f; `F33f`_`[Daewoo Magnus`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Daewoo_Magnus]`_`f (aka Chevrolet Epica/Evanda, Suzuki Verona); `F33f`_`[Daewoo Tosca`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Daewoo_Tosca]`_`f (aka Chevrolet/Holden Epica); `F33f`_`[Land Rover Freelander 2`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Land_Rover_Freelander]`_`f (aka LR2); `F33f`_`[Volvo S80`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Volvo_S80]`_`f; `F33f`_`[Volvo S60 (2nd generation, also V60)`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Volvo_S60]`_`f; `F33f`_`[Volvo V70 (3rd generation)`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Volvo_V70]`_`f; `F33f`_`[Volvo XC60`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Volvo_XC60]`_`f; `F33f`_`[Volvo XC90`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Volvo_XC90]`_`f

• `F33f`_`[V8`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=V8_engine]`_`f: `F33f`_`[Buick LaCrosse LaCrosse Super (2008–2009)`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Buick_LaCrosse]`_`f, `F33f`_`[Cadillac Allanté`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Cadillac_Allanté]`_`f, `F33f`_`[Ford Taurus SHO (3rd generation)`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Ford_Taurus_SHO]`_`f, `F33f`_`[Hyundai Equus/Centennial (1st generation)`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Hyundai_Equus]`_`f, `F33f`_`[Lancia Thema 8.32`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Lancia_Thema]`_`f, `F33f`_`[Lincoln Continental (1995-2002 only)`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Lincoln_Continental]`_`f, `F33f`_`[Mitsubishi Dignity`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Mitsubishi_Dignity]`_`f, `F33f`_`[Mitsubishi Proudia`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Mitsubishi_Proudia]`_`f, `F33f`_`[Oldsmobile Aurora`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Oldsmobile_Aurora]`_`f, `F33f`_`[Volvo S80`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Volvo_S80]`_`f, `F33f`_`[Volvo XC90`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Volvo_XC90]`_`f

• `F33f`_`[V12`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=V12_engine]`_`f (mid-engine only): `F33f`_`[Lamborghini Miura`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Lamborghini_Miura]`_`f

• `F33f`_`[V16`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=V16_engine]`_`f (mid-engine only): `F33f`_`[Cizeta-Moroder V16T`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Cizeta-Moroder_V16T]`_`f

>>Alternative convention with twin-cylinder motorcycles

The description of the orientation of V-twin and flat-twin motorcycle engines sometimes differs from the convention as stated above. Motorcycles with a `F33f`_`[V-twin engine`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=V-twin_engine]`_`f mounted with its crankshaft parallel to the direction of travel, e.g. the `F33f`_`[AJS S3 V-twin`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=AJS_S3_V-twin]`_`f, `F33f`_`[Indian 841`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Indian_841]`_`f, Victoria Bergmeister, `F33f`_`[Honda CX series`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Honda_CX_series]`_`f and several `F33f`_`[Moto Guzzis`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Moto_Guzzi]`_`f since the 1960s, are said to have "transverse" engines,`:cite-ref-footnoteclarke201044-7-0[`F5bf`_`[7`#cite-note-footnoteclarke201044-7]`_`f]`:cite-ref-footnotegrubb197585-8-0[`F5bf`_`[8`#cite-note-footnotegrubb197585-8]`_`f]

>>Notes

`:cite-note-footnotedouglas-scott-montaguburgess-wise199561-1`!1.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-footnotedouglas-scott-montaguburgess-wise199561-1-0]`_`f `F33f`_`[Douglas-Scott-Montagu & Burgess-Wise 1995`#citerefdouglas-scott-montaguburgess-wise1995]`_`f, p. 61.

`:cite-note-footnotesmith19729-2`!2.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-footnotesmith19729-2-0]`_`f `F33f`_`[Smith 1972`#citerefsmith1972]`_`f, p. 9.

`:cite-note-footnoterobson201017-3`!3.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-footnoterobson201017-3-0]`_`f `F33f`_`[Robson 2010`#citerefrobson2010]`_`f, p. 17.

`:cite-note-4`!4.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-4]`_`f "Volvo S80". Archived from the original on 2007-10-26. Retrieved 2007-10-11.

`:cite-note-5`!5.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-5]`_`f "LR2 Safety Features". Archived from the original on 2007-07-07. Retrieved 2007-10-11.

`:cite-note-6`!6.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-6]`_`f "Scania at Busworld 2005: New range of Scania buses and coaches". Archived from the original on 2008-01-04. Retrieved 2007-10-11.

`:cite-note-footnoteclarke201044-7`!7.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-footnoteclarke201044-7-0]`_`f `F33f`_`[Clarke 2010`#citerefclarke2010]`_`f, p. 44.

`:cite-note-footnotegrubb197585-8`!8.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-footnotegrubb197585-8-0]`_`f `F33f`_`[Grubb 1975`#citerefgrubb1975]`_`f, p. 85.

>>References

• `:citerefclarke2010`aClarke, Massimo (2010). `*Modern Motorcycle Technology: How Every Part of Your Motorcycle Works`*. Minneapolis, MN USA: MotorBooks International. p. 44. `F33f`_`[ISBN`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=ISBN_(identifier)]`_`f 978-0-7603-3819-3. Retrieved 2013-05-31. Moto Guzzi's transverse V-twins are unique among motorcycles, while Ducati, in keeping with the classical school, uses a longitudinal V, meaning the axis of rotation of the crankshaft is transverse to the frame.

• `:citerefdouglas-scott-montaguburgess-wise1995`a`F33f`_`[Douglas-Scott-Montagu, Edward John Barrington`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Edward_Douglas-Scott-Montagu,_3rd_Baron_Montagu_of_Beaulieu]`_`f & `F33f`_`[Burgess-Wise, David`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=David_Burgess-Wise]`_`f (1995). `*Daimler Century: The full history of Britain's oldest car maker`*. Sparkford, Nr Yeovil, Somerset, UK: Patrick Stephens. `F33f`_`[ISBN`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=ISBN_(identifier)]`_`f 1-85260-494-8.

• `:citerefgrubb1975`aGrubb, Jake (March 1975). Linkletter, John A. (ed.). "Easy riders—the grand touring motorcycles for '75". `*`F33f`_`[Popular Mechanics`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Popular_Mechanics]`_`f`*. `!143`! (3). New York, NY USA: Hearst: 82–85, 126–127. `F33f`_`[ISSN`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=ISSN_(identifier)]`_`f 0032-4558. Retrieved 2013-05-31.

• `:citerefrobson2010`aRobson, Graham (2010). `*Saab 96 & V4`*. Poundbury, Dorchester, UK: Veloce. `F33f`_`[ISBN`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=ISBN_(identifier)]`_`f 978-1-845842-56-7. Retrieved 26 April 2015.

• `:citerefsmith1972`aSmith, Brian E. (1972). `*The Daimler Tradition`*. Isleworth, UK: Transport Bookman. `F33f`_`[ISBN`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=ISBN_(identifier)]`_`f 085184-014-0.

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